The
Convent of the Intercession was founded in 1364, but nothing
has survived from this early period. The present buildings
date back to the first half of the sixteenth century and
later.
The
Intercession Convent is situated on the right bank of river
Kamenka. Its white buildings surrounded by a low wall
with towers. The Convent walls were already partly built
of stone in the sixteenth century, but the present ones
belong to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The
older sections have retained the design used for real fortified
walls. On the inside there are blind arches supporting a
wooden defensive gallery along the upper section of the
walls. Higher up still is a brick parapet with narrow loopholes.
In the northern half of the Convent walls a number of seventeenth-century
tent-shaped towers have survived, extremely austere and
almost completely devoid of adornments. They were never
used for defensive purposes. It is interesting, that there
is a second wall between the outer walls and the Convent
itself, surrounding a special inner courtyard. The eighteenth-century
towers are more elaborate. Their octagonal bodies are divided
into tiers by horizontal bands and the niches of the narrow
windows in the upper tier create the impression of a decorative
arcade band. This suggests that the architect may have wanted
to reproduce the rich adornments on the main tower of the
Spaso-Yevfimiev Monastery. It is possible that the eighteenth-century
towers were originally crowned with wooden, tent-shaped
spires like those of the older towers.
Between
1510 and 1518 the Moscow ruler Grand Prince Vasiliy
III sent rich gifts to the Orthodox Church in Russia,
Constantinople and Mount Athos. During the same period he
also endowed the Convent of the Intercession with gifts
and many new buildings. The new Churches were dedicated
to the
Intercession of the Virgin Mary, the Annunciation, and
the Conception of Saint Anne. He,
with his wife Solomonia Saburova, prayed the
God about a birth of children.
In 1525 Solomonia took the veil in the Convent of the Nativity
in Moscow, and later - in the Suzdal Intercession Convent.
About
the tomb of Saint Solomonia miracles have started to be
made, and She was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church
in 1650.
The
main entrance into the Convent was through the Holy Gates
in the south wall, which were topped by the gateway Church
of the Annunciation. Like many other buildings in the Convent
these were built around 1518 and commissioned by Vasiliy
III. They are one of the most original and finest specimens
of sixteenth-century Suzdal architecture.
The large archway is placed somewhat to the east. In the
adjoining wall there is a staircase. Above the gateway is
a small Church, which have a vaulted ceiling. Its walls,
crowned with zakomaras, surmounted
by a dome over a row of kokoshniks,
rise above the roofs of the narrow Church porches that surround
the Church on three sides with open arches.
At the east ends of the gallery there are two tiny chapels
like miniature Churches each with its own kokoshniks and
little dome. There is something almost toy-like about this
intimate little Church obviously intended for private services
at which only two or three people would be present.
The Church's three domes remind one again of the old triple-domed
Cathedral in the Kremlin. Due to the Church's miniature
dimensions the apses are barely distinguishable in the interior
and only just visible on the outside.
The main south wall of the Holy Gates is decorated from
top to bottom with bands of ornamental brickwork framed
with round structured posts and niches of different sizes.
These are arranged somewhat haphazardly as if the builder
had carved them from wood instead of laying them in brick.
This interesting feature gives the building an air of simplicity.
If you enter inside the Convent through the Holy Gates,
you would see all of its main buildings, set out one after
the other in the centre of the courtyard which was surrounded
on all sides by rows of cells. As early as the sixteenth
century some of the cells were made of stone, as well as
certain of the Convent 's domestic buildings, such as the
brewery, the cellars and the ice chambers used for storing
food.
In the Southwest corner of the Convent there is an early
seventeenth-century brick building known as the "trial chamber"
(sudnaya palata). The building has another structure
of a similar type partly restored in the Northwest corner
of the Convent.
The
main building in the whole ensemble is the Cathedral of the Intercession, which
has only recently been restored to its original form.
To make the Cathedral
stand out in the expanding town panorama its short drums were lengthened and given
light elongated cupolas, a hip roof was built to cover the bases of the old domes,
and the arches of the galleries were blocked up and adjoined by new porches with
light, tiled pillars. All this altered the original appearance of the Cathedral
(1510-1518) considerably.
The large, four-pillar body of the Cathedral with three
massive apses is raised on a high ground storey which served
as a burial vault for nuns of noble birth. The tomb of Solomonia
occupied the place of honour in the Southwest corner. The
surface of the burial vault outer wall was broken only by
the openings of small windows.
At the Northwest and Southwest corners there are staircases leading
up to the gallery, with corner arches resting on large round pillars. Through
the open arcade of the gallery one can see the Cathedral's sumptuous portals,
and above the roofs of the gallery rises the huge, square body of the Cathedral
divided by flat pilaster strips and decorated with a decorative arcade band, similar
to that on the old Cathedral of the Nativity in the Kremlin.
The latter also
appears to have influenced the asymmetrical arrangement of the stately three-domed
roof. The central dome on its powerful cylindrical base decorated with large kokoshniks
is particularly impressive.
The majestic austerity of the cathedral provides
a sharp contrast to the lavishly decorated, intimate atmosphere of the gateway
Church of the Annunciation. Its lack of decoration, bare walls and heavy domes
which look like blocks of hewn stone are explained by the fact that the Cathedral
is the main building in the Convent.
The interior is equally austere with
its strong the pillars and broad vaulting. Restoration work revealed some interesting
features. The floor was paved with black ceramic tiles. There was no painting
on the walls. In the lower part of the walls there were small niches where the
nuns kept their prayer-books, each having her own strictly appointed place. The
restorers discovered loopholes below the windows in the east side of the Cathedral
which suggest that its builder, Vasiliy III, anticipated some kind of trouble and
took precautions to fortify the Convent against attack from the outside.
Opposite
the Southwest corner of the building stands a tent-shaped bell-tower which was
connected to the Cathedral porch by a covered gallery in the eighteenth century.
This is an extremely interesting specimen of early Russian architecture. Its lower,
two-tiered section is extremely plastic and powerful with broad corner pilaster
strips and semi-columns, plain arched windows and narrow slits like loopholes.
This section is older than the upper part and was built in 1515. The lower tier
was also used as a burial vault, and the upper tier contained a tiny Church, even
more toy-like than the one over the Holy Gates. The upper octagon with the belfry
and a somewhat heavy tent-shaped spire was added in the seventeenth century and
its design differs from that of the lower section. The staircase inside the wall
of the lower section originally went even higher which suggests that the Church
was also topped by a belfry. This would make it one of the earliest specimens
of a stone tent-shaped Church with a belfry on top. There were three large bells
and three small chimes in the belfry. In the Northeast outer wall of the second
tier there is a niche for another small bell suspended on a wooden beam. This
could have been one of the bells which were rung by a rope on ground level as
a signal to start the bell-ringing.
North
of the Cathedral stands the refectory Church of the Conception, built in 1551
in place of a wooden one and restored by Yevgeniy Arkhipov in 1958.
Like the
Cathedral its original appearance was considerably altered. Its main section consists
of the spacious square hall of the refectory with a high ceiling and a single
pillar. It stands on the first floor of the building. The east wall was adjoined
by the smaller rectangular section of the Church proper situated slightly to the
south. The present apse was added in the seventeenth century.
The refectory
hail is also adjoined on the west side by a building which balances the Church.
The extended facade of the whole ensemble looked on to the Convent 's inner courtyard.
This facade probably had a flight of steps running along it and leading up to
the entrance into the refectory. The lower storey contained a bakery, kitchen
and other domestic premises.
The refectory has two features which distinguish
it from other Convent buildings: a band of indented red rhombuses on a white background
running along the cornice, rarely found in Russian architecture, and an uncommon
technique of laying the walls and vaults in small brick. Similar decorative bands
are found in Polish architecture. It is quite likely that the refectory Church
was designed probably by a Polish architect invited by Yelena Glinskaya or her
family.
A clock bell-tower of unusual design was built on to the Southwest
corner of the refectory in the sixteenth century. Instead of carrying the usual
octagon its high square base is surmounted by an irregular hexagon. This in turn
is topped by a smaller hexagon with semi-columns on the corners, rosettes and
niches on the surfaces, a belfry with shallow arches and a short tent-shaped spire.
The somewhat crude technique of building with large bricks is similar to that
of the gateway Church of the Annunciation. It is highly likely that both buildings
were the work of local Suzdal architects, who had been used to working in wood
and had invested their brick buildings with the spirit and techniques of wooden
architecture.